Apricot

Prunus armeniaca

Physical Characteristics

Prunus armeniaca is a deciduous Tree growing to 9 m (29ft) by 6 m (19ft) at a medium rate. See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from March to April, and the seeds ripen from July to September. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil.

Distribution

E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia.

Habitats

Woodland Garden Secondary; Sunny Edge; Dappled Shade; South Wall. By. West Wall. By.

Edible Uses

Edible Parts: Fruit Oil Oil Seed Edible Uses: Gum Oil Oil Fruit - raw, cooked or dried for later use[1, 2, 3, 34]. The best forms are soft and juicy with a delicious rich flavour[K]. Wild trees in the Himalayas yield about 47.5kg of fruit per year[194].The fruit of the wild form contains about 6.3% sugars, 0.7% protein, 2.5% ash, 2.5% pectin. There is about 10mg vitamin C per 100g of pulp[194]. The fruit is about 5cm in diameter and contains one large seed[200]. Seed - raw or cooked[183]. Bitter seeds should be eaten in strict moderation, but sweet ones can be eaten freely[132]. The bitter seeds can be used as a substitute for bitter almonds in making marzipan etc[4]. An edible gum is obtained from the trunk[64]. The seed contains up to 50% of an edible semi-drying oil[4, 57, 61, 183].

Medicinal Uses

Analgesic Anthelmintic Antiasthmatic Antidote Antipyretic Antiseptic Antispasmodic Antitussive Demulcent Emetic Emollient Expectorant Laxative Ophthalmic Pectoral Sedative Tonic Vitamin C Vulnerary Apricot fruits contain citric and tartaric acid, carotenoids and flavonoids[283]. They are nutritious, cleansing and mildly laxative[254. They are a valuable addition to the diet working gently to improve overall health. The salted fruit is antiinflammatory and antiseptic[283]. It is used medicinally in Vietnam in the treatment of respiratory and digestive diseases[283]. Antipyretic, antiseptic, emetic, ophthalmic[194]. The flowers are tonic, promoting fecundity in women[218]. The bark is astringent[254]. The inner bark and/or the root are used for treating poisoning caused by eating bitter almond and apricot seeds (which contain hydrogen cyanide)[218]. Another report says that a decoction of the outer bark is used to neutralize the effects of hydrogen cyanide[238]. The decoction is also used to soothe inflamed and irritated skin conditions[254]. The seed is analgesic, anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, sedative and vulnerary[176, 218]. It is used in the treatment of asthma, coughs, acute or chronic bronchitis and constipation[176, 279]. The seed contains 'laetrile', a substance that has also been called vitamin B17[218]. This has been claimed to have a positive effect in the treatment of cancer, but there does not at present seem to be much evidence to support this[K]. The pure substance is almost harmless, but on hydrolysis it yields hydrocyanic acid, a very rapidly acting poison - it should thus be treated with caution[218]. In small amounts this exceedingly poisonous compound stimulates respiration, improves digestion and gives a sense of well-being[238].

Known Hazards

This species produces hydrogen cyanide, a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. This toxin is found mainly in the leaves and seed and is readily detected by its bitter taste. Usually present in too small a quantity to do any harm, any very bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten[65]. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death. Oral doses of 50g of hydrogen cyanide can be fatal (= 30g of kernels or 50-60 kernels at 2 mg HCN/g kernel) [301].